Introduction to Turkish Commercial Law

Melih Uğraş EROL ( LLM, M. Sc )
İÇİNDEKİLER
İçindekiler
Content
Önsöz 7
Preface 9
Abbreviations 21
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Turkish Commercial
Law 23
INTRODUCTION 25
1. Turkish Commercial Law 25
1.1. Turkish Commercial Code Law No. 6102 26
1.2. Relation Of The TCC, TCL, And TCO 27
1.3. Turkish Protection of Competition Code Law No. 4054 (TCPC) 28
1.4. Turkish Capital Market Law No. 6362 (TCML) 29
1.5. Turkish Law of Checks Law No. 5941 (TLC) 29
CHAPTER 2 Commercial Enterprise in Turkish Commercial Law 31
INTRODUCTION 33
1. Commercial Enterprıse And Its Factors 33
1.1. Exceeding The Limits Of A Craftsperson's Income 33
1.2. Aim To Gain Income 35
1.3. Continuity 35
1.4. Independence 35
2. Centre And Branch Offıces 36
CHAPTER 3 Commercial Matters Commercial Provisions Commercial Litigation 39
INTRODUCTION 41
1. Commercial Matters 41
1.1. Determining Commercial Matters 41
1.1.1. Matters Regulated by the TCC 42
1.1.2. Matters Related with Commercial Enterprises 42
1.1.3. Presumption of Commercial Matters 43
1.1.4. Matters That Are Commercıal For One Of The Parties 44
1.2. Results of Commercial Matters 44
1.2.1. Presumption Of Solidarity 45
1.2.2. Interest In Commercial Matters 45
1.2.3. Exceedıng The Maximum Upper Limit In Commercial Matters 47
1.2.4. Lapse Of Time In Commercial Matters 48
2. Commercial Provisions 48
2.1. Provisions That Can Be Applied To Commercial Matters 49
2.1.1. Statutory Provisions Of Law 50
2.1.2. Contractual Provisions 50
2.1.3. Complementary Commercial Provision 51
2.1.4. Commercial Usage and Custom 51
2.1.5. General Provisions 52
3. Commercial Litigation 52
3.1. Commercial Cases 53
3.1.1. Peremptory Commercial Cases 53
3.1.2. Proportional Commercial Cases 54
3.2. Commercial Courts in the Turkish Legal System 54
CHAPTER 4 Traders 55
INTRODUCTION 57
1. Natural Person Traders 57
1.1. Existence Of A Commercial Enterprise 58
1.2. Operating A Commercial Enterprise 58
1.3.Perating Commercial Enterprises On Behalf Of Oneself 60
2. Special Provisions On Natural Person Traders 61
2.1. Traders As MinorsUnder The Care Of A Guardian 61
2.2. People Debarred From Commerce 61
3. Corporate Legal Person Traders 62
3.1. Commercial Companies As Traders 63
3.2. Associations That Operate Commercial Companies 63
3.3. Other Institutions 64
4. Provisions And Results Of Traders 64
4.1. Bankruptcy 66
4.2.Using Trade Names 66
4.3. Registering With The Trade Registry 66
4.4.Maintainıng Commercial Books 67
4.5. Actıng As A Prudent Businessperson 67
4.6. Denunciations And Notices 67
4.7.Presumption Of Commercial Affairs 68
4.8.Right To Ask For Payment And Interest 68
4.9. Invoices And Confirmation Letters 69
4.10. Decreases Of Payments And Contracts 70
4.11. Provision Of The Right Of Lien 70
4.12. Registering To Related Chambers 72
4.13.Trade Usage And Custom 72
CHAPTER 5 Assistants Of Traders 73
INTRODUCTION 75
1. Dependent Trader Assistants 75
1.1. Commercial Representatives 75
1.2. Commercial Deputies 79
1.3. Marketing Associates 81
1.3.1. Obligations Of Marketing Associates 82
1.3.1.1. Following Instructions 82
1.3.1.2. Prohibition From Competition 83
1.3.1.3. Rendering Information 83
1.3.1.4. Lack Of Warranty Obligations 83
1.3.1.5. Working In Commercial Enterprises —Workplace 84
1.3.2. Marketing Associates' Rights 85
1.3.2.1. Right To Payment 85
1.3.2.2. Right To Monopoly 86
1.3.2.3. Right To Ask For Expenses 86
1.3.2.4. Right of Lien 87
1.3.3. End of Marketing Associate Contracts 88
1.3.3.1. Special Results 88
2. Independent Trader Assistants 89
2.1. Intermediaries 89
2.1.1. Payment of Fees 90
2.1.2. Termination of Intermedıary Contracts 91
2.2. Agents 92
2.2.1. Competences of Agents 94
2.2.1.1. Transactions and rights–protecting statements 94
2.2.1.2. Competences in courts and litigations 94
2.2.1.3. Transactions with permissionprocuration 95
2.2.1.4. Transactions with permissionprocuration 95
2.2.2. Agents' Obligations 96
2.2.2.1. Protecting Traders' Interests 96
2.2.2.2. Liability For Damages 96
2.2.2.3. Notification Of Clients 96
2.2.2.4. Taking Precautions 97
2.2.2.5. Paying Debts 97
2.2.3. Rights Of Agents 98
2.2.3.1. Right To Remuneration 98
2.2.3.2. Extraordinary Expenses and Interest 101
2.2.3.3. Right To Lien 101
2.2.4. Obligations of Client Traders 102
2.2.5. Termination Of The Agency Contract 103
2.2.6. Offsetting 104
2.2.7. Prohibition Of Compensation 106
2.3. Commissioners 107
2.3.1. Commissioners In The TCO 108
2.3.1.1. Obligations of Commissioners In the TCO 109
2.3.1.2. Rights of Commissioners In the TCO 109
2.3.2. Commissioners In The TCC 111
2.3.2.1. Obligations Of Freight Forwards In The TCC 111
2.3.2.2. Rights Of Freight Forwards 112
CHAPTER 6 Commercial Books Trade Registry
Open Account 113
INTRODUCTION 115
1. Commercial Books 115
2. Trade Registry 117
3. Open Account 120
CHAPTER 7 Trade Name Commercial Enterprise
Name Trademarks 123
INTRODUCTION 125
1. Trade Name 125
1.2. Forms Of Trade Names 126
1.2.1. Trade Names Of Natural Person Traders 126
1.2.2. Trade Names Of Legal Entıty Traders 126
1.2.2.1. Ordinary Partnerships 127
1.2.2.2. Collective Partnerships And Commandite Companies 127
1.2.2.3. Joint Stock, Limited, And Cooperatives 127
1.2.2.4. Associations, Foundations, and Associations of Ship–owners 128
1.2.3. Annexes of Trade Names 128
1.3. Continuity And Turnover Of Trade Names, And Branch Office Trade Names 129
1.4. Protection Of Trade Names 130
2. Commercial Enterprise Names 132
3. Trademarks 132
3.1. Protectıon of Trademark 133
CHAPTER 8 Investment, Intellectual Property and Patent Rights 137
INTRODUCTION 139
1. Two Important International Legal Documents 141
2. IP And Patent Rights In Turkish Domestic Law 143
3. Trademarks And Investment 144
4. Patents And Investments 146
5. Industrial Design And Investment 148
6. Geographical Indications And Investment 150
CHAPTER 9 A Brief Introduction to Unfair Competition 151
INTRODUCTION 153
1. Unfair Competition And Its Elements 153
2. Results Of Unfair Competition 154
2.1. Civil Results 155
2.1.1. Declaratory Judgment Action 155
2.1.2. Actions To Prevent Unfair Competition 156
2.1.3. Action For Restitution 156
2.1.4. Actions For Compensation 156
2.2. Criminal Results 157
CHAPTER 10 Commercial Companies 161
INTRODUCTION 163
1. Ordinary Partnerships 163
1.1. Dissolution Of Ordinary Partnerships 165
2. Collective Partnerships 166
2.1. The Function Of Collective Partnerships 168
2.1.1. Right To Govern 168
2.1.2. Right To Pay Interest 169
2.1.3. Right To Audit 169
2.1.4. Sharing Of Profits And Losses 170
2.1.5. Prohibition Of Competition 170
2.2. Dissolution Of Collective Companies 171
3. Commandite Companies 173
4. Joint Stock Companies 176
4.1. Establishment Of Joint Stock Companies 177
4.2. Functioning Of Joint Stock Companies 178
4.2.1. BoD In Joint Stock Companies 178
4.2.1.1. BoD Duties And Powers In Joint Stock Companies 182
4.2.1.2. BoD Obligations In Joint Stock Companies 182
4.2.1.3. Bod Member Liabilities 187
4.2.2. Auditors in Joint Stock Companies 189
4.2.3. GA In Joint Stock Companies 193
4.2.3.1. General Provisions On GA Functioning 195
4.2.3.2. Right To Information 197
4.2.3.3. Right To Request Special Audit 198
4.2.3.4. Privileged Shares 199
4.2.3.5. Action To Nullity And Invalidity Of GA Decisions 202
4.2.3.6. Changing The Articles Of Association 203
4.2.3.7. Shares, Share Certificates, And Securities 204
4.2.3.8. Dissolution/Liquidation Of Joint Stock Companies 206
5. Limited Partnerships Divided Into Shares 210
6. Limited Companies 211
6.1. Rights And Duties Of Shareholders 214
6.2. Organs Of Limited Companies: GA And Managers 217
6.3. Dissolution and Liquidation of limited Companies 224
CHAPTER 11 Legal Framework of Company Merger and Takeover 227
INTRODUCTION 229
1. TCC, Merger, Takeover, Etc. 230
2. TCPC (Law No. 4054) 234
3. TCML (Law No. 6362) 237
4. TCO 240
CHAPTER 12 Outbound Acquisitions of Turkish Companies 243
INTRODUCTION 245
1. General Information And Procedures 245
2. Law On The Protection Of The Value Of The Turkish Currency (LPTC) 247
3. Banking Law 248
4. Mutual Investment Incitement And Protection (MIIP) Treaties 249
5. Double Taxation Treaty (DTT) 251
CHAPTER 13 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Papers 253
INTRODUCTION 255
1. General Provisions 255
2. Negotiable Instruments As Commercial Papers 257
2.1. Bills Of Exchange 257
2.1.2. Responsibilities Of Signatories And Issuers 259
2.2. Promissory Notes 259
2.2.1. Responsibilities Of Issuers 260
2.3. Checks 261
CHAPTER 14 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Maritime Law 263
INTRODUCTION 264
1. What is Commercial Maritime Law? 264
2. Commercial Maritime Law in TCC 264
3. Ship 265
4. Maritime Trade Agreements 265
5. International Law and Commercial Maritime Law 266
CHAPTER 15 A Brief Introduction to Turkish Insurance Law 267
INTRODUCTION 269
1. Parties of Turkish Insurance Contracts 269
2. Subject Matters of Insurance, Obligations of Insurer and Obligations of Insured 270
3. Reinsurance and End of Insurance Contract 273
4. Some Important Terms in Insurance Law 273
Bibliography 275
Özgeçmiş – Resume 279